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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for police officers
42 results foundAuthor: Wilson, Jeremy M. Title: Police Recruitment and Retention in the Contemporary Urban Environment: A National Discussion of Personnel Experiences and Promising Practices from the Front Lines Summary: Recruitment and retention of police officers is an increasing challenge for police agencies. Many urban police agencies report particular difficulty in recruiting minority and female officers. To help address these challenges, the RAND Center on Quality Policing convened a National Summit on Police Recruitment and Retention in the Contemporary Urban Environment. This report summarizes the presentations, discussions, and opinions offered by panelists at the summit. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2009 Source: Conference Proceedings Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 116660 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice PersonnelPolice Recruitment and SelectionUrban Areas |
Author: Wehipeihana Title: Building Diversity: Understanding the Factors that Influence Maori to join Police Summary: A long established principle is that the police service ought to mirror the ethnic profile of the wider population in order to secure and maintain public confidence and police legitimacy. A key goal for New Zealand Police is to achieve equity and diversity in their workforce. This research focuses on exploring factors that influence Maori to apply to and join the New Zealand Police force. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2010. 79p. Source: Research Evaluation Consultancy Limited Year: 2010 Country: New Zealand URL: Shelf Number: 118075 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice Recruitment and Selection |
Author: Shah, Naureen Title: Broken system: dysfunction, abuse, and impunity in the Indian Police. Summary: This report documents a range of human rights violations committed by police, including arbitrary arrest and detention, torture and extrajudicial killings. The report is based on interviews with more than 80 police officers of varying ranks, 60 victims of police abuses, and numerous discussions with experts and civil society activists. It documents the failings of state police forces that operate outside the law, lack sufficient ethical and professional standards, are overstretched and outmatched by criminal elements, and unable to cope with increasing demands and public expectations. Field research was conducted in 19 police stations in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal, Pradesh, and the capital, Delhi. Details: New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2009 Source: Internet Source Year: 2009 Country: India URL: Shelf Number: 116186 Keywords: AsiaPolice BehaviorPolice EthicsPolice MisconductPolice OfficersTorture |
Author: Ogilvie, James M. Title: Impact of Police Numbers on Crime Summary: The purpose of this report is to provide a review of the literature exploring the impact of police resourcing levels (i.e.: staff numbers) and deployment/activities on crime, measured through recorded crime, cleared or resolved crime, apprehension or arrests and/or prosecutions. Research examining the relationship between police numbers and crime has produced conflicting findings. While most studies have found that there is no discernable relationship, several studies suggest that police contribute to reduced crime levels through deterrence, although reductions have been found to vary on the basis of crime type. The review draws no clear conclusions about how the deployment of police (i.e., how they spend their time) impacts on crime. Both police activity and criminal activity are mutually interactive, making any connection between police numbers and crime difficult to explain. The review of the literature supports six broad conclusions: 1. Police employment and crime rates are reciprocally related, meaning that changes in either variable may have flow-on effects to the other. 2. There is evidence to support the assumption that increased crime levels lead to increased police numbers. 3. Theoretical and methodological problems in the study of police strength and crime have contributed to the conflicting results across studies. 4. There is no consistent body of evidence to support the notion that increasing police numbers is an effective method of reducing violent crime. 5. While the most consistent finding across studies is that increasing police numbers has no effect on crime levels, recent studies suggest that increased police numbers are associated with reductions in crime rates for specific crimes. 6. The effects of increased police numbers has been found to vary across a number of factors, including crime types, police activities, organisational structures and environmental demands, and the social characteristics of places. The findings outlined in this report have several implications for modelling the effects of police numbers and activities on crime. Foremost, a broader range of explanatory variables should be considered to parameterise more sophisticated and ecologically valid simulation models of police processes. Additional empirical research is required to disentangle the complex relationships between police numbers, deployment, and activities on recorded crime rates and apprehensions. This research should form the basis of future simulation modelling efforts. Details: Mt. Gravatt, Australia: Griffith University, Justice Modelling @ Griffith, 2008. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2010 at: http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/208027/Impact-of-Police-Numbers-on-Crime-2008-Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/208027/Impact-of-Police-Numbers-on-Crime-2008-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 119977 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice PerformancePolicing |
Author: Wilson, Jeremy M. Title: Recruiting and Retaining America's Finest: Evidence-Based Lessons for Police Workforce Planning Summary: A critical but oft neglected function of police organizations is personnel management. While much attention is given to recruiting and retention, these are only tools for accomplishing a larger, more important, and less discussed goal: achieving and maintaining the profile of officers by experience and rank that satisfies agency needs and officer career aspirations. Police agencies often have little ability to assess their organization and environment, and they receive little guidance on how best to build and maintain their workforces. In this work, we sought to fill the gap of information on practices available to police agencies through a survey of police agencies on their recruitment and retention practices and how they can affect the profile of officers at differing ranks of service. The survey, sent to every U.S. police agency with at least 300 sworn officers, sought to document such characteristics as authorized and actual strength by rank, officer work and qualifications, compensation, and recruiting efforts. We used these data to provide an overview of current recruitment and retention practices, how they affected police personnel profiles, and to identify future research needs. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2010. 113p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 23, 2010 at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG960.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG960.pdf Shelf Number: 120063 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice Recruitment and SelectionPolice Training |
Author: Dunn, Sara Title: Police Officers Murdered in the Line of Duty, 1961 to 2009 Summary: Policing, by its very nature, is a high-risk occupation. One of the dangers associated with being a police officer in Canada is homicide. The only other profession more at risk of on-the-job homicide is that of taxi drivers with a rate about twice that of police officers. Drawing on data from the Homicide Survey, this article presents information on police officers who were murdered in the line of duty since 1961. It does not include police officers who were killed as a result of other causes, such as traffic accidents. Between 1961 and 2009, 133 police officers were murdered in the line of duty–including eight double, one triple and one quadruple-slaying. Most of these deaths (65%) occurred in the first half of this time period, between 1961 and 1984. Homicides against police officers have occurred in every province and territory with the exception of Prince Edward Island and Yukon. Highlights of the report include the following • Since 1961, Canada has seen 133 police officers murdered in the line of duty, all but four of whom were men. • Homicides against police officers occurred most often during a robbery investigation, accounting for almost one-quarter of all killings. • Nine in ten police officers were shot to death, most of whom were not wearing a protective vest. • All but five homicides against police officers since 1961 have been solved. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2010. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Juristat Article, vol. 30, no. 3: Accessed April 1, 2011 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2010003/article/11354-eng.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2010003/article/11354-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 121219 Keywords: Homicides (Canada)Police MurdersPolice Officers |
Author: Canada. Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Title: Police Resources in Canada, 2010 Summary: This report is based upon data collected through the annual Police Administration Survey conducted by Statistics Canada. This survey collects data on police personnel and expenditures from each police service in Canada. Data presented in this report represent police personnel as of May 15, 2010 and final expenditures for the calendar year ending December 31, 2009 (or March 31, 2010 for the few police services operating on a fiscal year). Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 201o. 50 p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2011 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-225-x/85-225-x2010000-eng.pdf Year: 0 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-225-x/85-225-x2010000-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 121302 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice AgenciesPolice OfficersPolicing (Canada) |
Author: Boyd, Edward Title: Cost of the Cops: Manpower and Deployment in Policing Summary: The Great Police Expansion (2001-2010)... The backdrop to the current debate around police funding is clear: the police service in England and Wales has never been better resourced. The last decade has seen an unprecedented rise in police expenditure: in nominal terms police expenditure has increased by 56% between 2001-2 and 2009-10 reaching more than £14.5 billion – up 25% in real terms since 2001. The increases over the last decade dwarfed even the large increases that the police enjoyed in the 1980s and taxpayers in England and Wales have never spent as much on policing as they do today. In 2010, each household was paying £614 per year for policing, up from £395 in 2001. Policing in England and Wales is among the most expensive in the developed world. A comparison of policing revenue expenditure as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) for a number of comparable, Common Law jurisdictions shows that UK police expenditure in 2010 was higher than the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. The decade of expansion in police funding also consisted of more local funding (including through business rates) with all police forces seeing significant increases in the police precept on council tax. Share of police funding raised from the precept increased from around 12% in 2001-2 to 23% at the end of the last decade. At force level, elements of police personnel expenditure saw marked increases, including in overtime paymentswhich rose from £289million in 2000-1 to £381 million in 2009-10, having peaked at £437 million in 2007-8. The increase occurred concurrently with a 12% increase in officer numbers, suggesting that poor management drove the increase in overtime rather than under-resourcing (See: Police Overtime Expenditure, Policy Exchange, February 2011). Total police officer strength rose 15% from 123,476 at March 2001 to 141,631 at March 2010. The number of Special Constables (volunteer officers) also increased 22% from 12,738 to 15,505, having dipped briefly to under 11,000 at March 2004. The increase in officer numbers was principally fuelled by the creation of The Crime Fighting Fund (CFF) in 2000, which provided a Home Office grant “designed to maintain/increase the number of police officers.” The result of increased expenditure tied to schemes like the CFF was a large rise in recruitment and subsequently an increase in officers at every policing rank. Between 2001 and 2010 the greatest absolute increase in personnel occurred at the level of constable (12,000 were added to the ranks), yet the make-up of officers tilted in favour of more senior ranks and proportionally there were more significant increases in the middle management of police forces. Increased spending since 2001 also translated into a large increase in the number of civilian staff (made up of police staff, PCSOs, Designated Officers and Traffic Wardens), who increased 73% from 57,104 to 98,801 over the decade. The number of civilians now employed means that there are seven civilian staff members for every ten police officers. The number of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) in particular has grown since they were first piloted in 2003, reaching 16,685 in 2010, as have the number of designated officers (first introduced in 2005), who have increased to 3,809. PCSOs were a critical component in facilitating the roll-out of Neighbourhood Policing – one of the most important policing reforms of recent history – by creating a more visible and available police service. If the police were a single company, they would be a significantly bigger (22% bigger) employer than Tesco Plc in the UK (Tesco Plc employed 196,604 FTE in 2010 (UK), the police service employed 240,432 FTE). The Next Four Years... In this context budget reductions over the next four years will be from a high base and in this regard, policing in England and Wales is in a comparatively strong position: more officers than ever before, better supported by historically high numbers of civilian staff and new technology, and facing reduced crime demand after more than a decade of reductions in volume offences (as measured by the British Crime Survey). The reductions planned for 2010-15 are large historically, and they will be challenging, but they are not excessive. Viewed in context, they do no more than reduce annual police funding to the level that would have been reached in 2015 if the trend rate of growth 1979-2001 had continued. The expansion after 2001 took police funding far higher than the trend increases of previous decades, and the funding agreed in the 2010 CSR will act to correct this unprecedented “surge”. The 20% budget reductions from the 2010 high amount to 14% over four years once local funding is taken into account. By the end of the period (2014-15), we will still be spending more than £12 billion on policing each year, or £500 per household in England and Wales – more than what was spent in 2004 and £100 more than was spent in 2001 when funding totalled £9 billion. Some forces – mostly in the north of England and the Midlands – as HMIC have noted, are facing more significant challenges, particularly if their total share of funding from central government is higher. It is certain that police forces will be smaller in 2015 than they were in 2010. Post the personnel reductions planned by forces up to 2015 there will still be 210,000 police employees in England and Wales – the same number as at March 2004. Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2011. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 6, 2011 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/pdfs/Cost_of_the_Cops_-_Sep__11.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/pdfs/Cost_of_the_Cops_-_Sep__11.pdf Shelf Number: 122651 Keywords: Costs of Criminal JusticePolice OfficersPolice StaffingPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Stewart, James K. Title: Independent Board of Inquiry into the Oakland Police Department Incident of March 21, 2009 Summary: This report presents the findings and recommendations concerning the 2009 murder of four Oakland Place Department personnel by a recently paroled prisoner. Details: Alexandria, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions, 2009. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2011 at: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/Independent%20Board%20of%20Inquiry%20into%20the%20Oakland%20Police%20Department.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/Independent%20Board%20of%20Inquiry%20into%20the%20Oakland%20Police%20Department.pdf Shelf Number: 122915 Keywords: Assaults on PoliceHomicidesPolice DeathsPolice OfficersPolice Policies and ProceduresPolicing (Oakland, California) |
Author: McLean, Fiona Title: An Observational Study of Response and Neighbourhood Officers Summary: Reducing the bureaucratic burden on frontline police officers has been a recurring theme in the context of increasing efficiency. The drive for efficiency in policing has been given new impetus by the 2010 October Spending Review. The Home Office Business Plan 2011-15 included as Coalition priorities cutting police bureaucracy and improving value for money. The current study was carried out to provide police stakeholders with an up-to-date indication on how officers spend their time, to identify likely sources of inefficiency and bureaucracy in frontline policing and potential areas for improvement. The study found the following: • Public facing work in the community accounted for approximately forty-four per cent of the observed response and neighbourhood officers’ time, including responding to incidents and taking statements, foot patrol and community engagement. • Administrative activity, mainly paper or computer-based work required after incidents or to build case files for court, amounted to twenty-seven per cent of officer time – around 2.5 hours per shift. Another twenty-seven per cent was spent in the custody suite or at court, in training, briefings or meetings, travelling or on breaks. Observers had not recorded codes for officer activity for the remaining two per cent of their time. • Observers felt there was an opportunity for greater efficiency in over half the shifts observed (56%; 108 shifts) and noted more issues during response shifts than neighbourhood shifts. Overall, initiatives that impact on the response function appear to have more potential to increase police efficiency. Details: London: NPIA (National Policing Improvement Agency), 2011. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.npia.police.uk/en/docs/An_observational_study_of_response_and_neighbourhood_officers.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.npia.police.uk/en/docs/An_observational_study_of_response_and_neighbourhood_officers.pdf Shelf Number: 123039 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice OfficersPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Sergeant, Harriet Title: The Public and the Police Summary: Expenditure on the police force is at record levels. In terms of numbers and budgets, it has never been so large. In spite of this there is widespread public dissatisfaction resulting in a steep increase in com‐plaints against the police, with many coming from law‐abiding, middle‐class people who complain of rude‐ness and neglect of duty. It is hard to get the police to respond to reports of crime and anti‐social behaviour. Investigations are lacklustre and often abandoned. The police, in their turn, complain of being short of resources. Although police numbers in England and Wales are historically high, compared with other developed countries they are low. Furthermore, crime rates in England and Wales are amongst the highest in the developed world, so the workload of officers is unmanageably large. Officers have been submerged by a flood of paperwork, so that only 14 per cent of their time is spent on patrol. This paperwork is done at the expense of officers on the beat and responding to crimes. The public have no power to influence policing. All decisions are taken by politicians and their appointees, but there is no accountability within the system. Since the Police Act 1964 successive governments have accrued power to the centre. Centralisation has led to politicisation and the introduction of targets. Bonuses are paid to senior officers based on compliance with targets. In order to achieve the required level of detections, police officers pursue those who will yield easy convictions, such as The target the public would most like to see met is the absence of crime—the first of the Nine Principles of Policing laid down for the Metropolitan Police on their foundation in 1829. To this end, police officers need to be visible in their communities. The decision to prosecute is taken by the Crown Prosecution Service, which has its own targets to achieve in terms of successful prosecutions. This makes the CPS unwilling to prosecute cases where they are not convinced the evidence is rock solid. This leads to many potential prosecutions being dropped, leaving the public feeling let down and allowing criminals to feel they have ‘got away with it’. Prison overcrowding has created pressure for non‐custodial sentences. Many criminals, including burglars, rapists and violent attackers, get no more than a caution. Often they continue to offend, and it becomes progressively more difficult for the police to catch them as they learn by their experience of the system. Police officers swear an oath of allegiance to the Queen, not the Prime Minister. Unlike many other police forces, British police were not intended to be servants of the state, but of the communities they serve. Their powers are personal, used at their own discretion and derived from the crown. This essential feature of British policing—policing by consent—is now in jeopardy. Details: London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2008. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 30, 2012 at: http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/PublicAndThePolice.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/PublicAndThePolice.pdf Shelf Number: 125105 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice OfficersPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Patterson, George T. Title: The Effects of Stress Management Interventions Among Police Officers and Recruits Summary: Law enforcement organizations began to take notice of officer stress during the late 1970s. Stress has been found to not only affect the officers’ job performance, but their personal lives and relationships as well. Because police officers are first responders to potentially stressful situations, their ability to successfully manage stress is critical not only to their own mental health but to the safety of society as a whole. Research has found that police officers who have difficulties coping with stress exhibit maladaptive behavior and personality traits such as aloofness, authoritarianism, cynicism, depersonalization, emotional detachment, suspiciousness, and excessive use of alcohol. High levels of stress can lead to serious physiological (headaches, stomachaches, backaches, ulcers, heart attacks) and psychological (anxiety, depression, flashbacks, and panic attacks) symptoms. Stress among police officers has also been connected to police misconduct and can also have a negative effect on the law enforcement organization due to lawsuits resulting from officers’ performance. Other organizational effects include impaired officer performance, lower productivity, poor morale, poor public relations, labor-management problems, tardiness and missed work, and officer turnover. Law enforcement organizations provide a wide variety of stress management interventions aimed at ameliorating officer stress. 5 The Campbell Collaboration | www.campbellcollaboration.org Abstract BACKGROUND Law enforcement organizations began to take notice of officer stress during the late 1970s. Stress has been found to not only affect the officers’ job performance, but their personal lives and relationships as well. Because police officers are first responders to potentially stressful situations, their ability to successfully manage stress is critical not only to their own mental health but to the safety of society as a whole. Research has found that police officers who have difficulties coping with stress exhibit maladaptive behavior and personality traits such as aloofness, authoritarianism, cynicism, depersonalization, emotional detachment, suspiciousness, and excessive use of alcohol. High levels of stress can lead to serious physiological (headaches, stomachaches, backaches, ulcers, heart attacks) and psychological (anxiety, depression, flashbacks, and panic attacks) symptoms. Stress among police officers has also been connected to police misconduct and can also have a negative effect on the law enforcement organization due to lawsuits resulting from officers’ performance. Other organizational effects include impaired officer performance, lower productivity, poor morale, poor public relations, labor-management problems, tardiness and missed work, and officer turnover. Law enforcement organizations provide a wide variety of stress management interventions aimed at ameliorating officer stress. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this systematic review were to identify, retrieve, evaluate and synthesize the available evidence regarding outcomes of stress management interventions provided to veteran police officers and recruits. The review question is: What are the effects of officer stress management interventions on stress outcomes? Details: Oslo, Norway: The Campbell Collaboration, 2012. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Review 2012:7: Accessed May 15, 2012 at: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library.php Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library.php Shelf Number: 125269 Keywords: Mental Health, Police OfficersPolice OfficersPolice Stress |
Author: McCrary, Justin Title: The Effect of Police on Crime: New Evidence from U.S. Cities, 1960-2010 Summary: Using a new panel data set on crime in medium to large U.S. cities over 1960-2010, we show that (1) year-over-year changes in police per capita are largely idiosyncratic to demographic factors, the local economy, city budgets, measures of social disorganization, and recent changes in crime rates, (2) year-over-year changes in police per capita are mismeasured, leading many estimates in the literature to be too small by a factor of 5, and (3) after correcting for measurement error bias and controlling for population growth, a regression of within-state differences in year-over-year changes in city crimes on within-state differences in year-over-year changes in police yields economically large point estimates. Our estimates are generally similar in magnitude to, but are estimated with a great deal more precision than, those from the quasi-experimental literature. Our estimates imply that each dollar spent on police is associated with approximately $1.60 in reduced victimization costs, suggesting that U.S. cities employ too few police. The estimates confirm a controversial finding from the previous literature that police reduce violent crime more so than property crime. Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley, 2012. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 29, 2012 at: http://emlab.berkeley.edu/~jmccrary/chalfin_mccrary2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://emlab.berkeley.edu/~jmccrary/chalfin_mccrary2012.pdf Shelf Number: 127031 Keywords: Crime Measurement (U.S.)Crime RatesCrime ReductionPolice OfficersPolicing |
Author: Jakubauskas, Michelle Title: Police at Work: The Wave Five Report Summary: The Police at Work survey is a companion study to a larger longitudinal study focussing on the working experiences of Australians employed or looking for work in March 2006. The research took place in five waves from 2007 to 2011 and involved telephone interviews with police association members in the Northern Territory (NT), New South Wales (NSW), Victoria and the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The original sample of 947 police officers was recruited from the membership databases of the four participating police associations. As such, all of the participants in the Police at Work sample were union members at the time of joining the study. A total of 693 sworn police officers remained in the study in wave 5. This is an extremely high retention rate and it enabled us to gather five years of data for this large group of police officers. The Police at Work study has increased current understanding on the working lives of police officers. In particular, it has put numbers around some of the serious hazards and risks associated with police work, in particular those around workplace health and safety and burnout. Details: Sydney: Workplace Research Centre at the University of Sydney, 2012. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: http://pfa.org.au/files/uploads/Police_at_Work_Wave_5_FINAL_Nov_2012_0.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://pfa.org.au/files/uploads/Police_at_Work_Wave_5_FINAL_Nov_2012_0.pdf Shelf Number: 127283 Keywords: Police OfficersPolicing (Australia)Working Conditions, Police |
Author: Mossman, Elaine Title: Literature Reviews about the Barriers to Recruiting a Diverse Police Workforce Summary: The Crime and Justice Research Centre (CJRC) in collaboration with the Institute of Criminology has conducted to two literature reviews on the barriers to the recruitment into New Zealand Police of (i) women, (ii) Māori, Pacific and ethnic groups. The purpose of the literature reviews was to provide a fuller picture of recruitment issues both in New Zealand and internationally, and initiatives that have been implemented to address and/or mitigate these barriers. The reviews are to help New Zealand Police to identify good or innovative practice that might inform local approaches to recruitment. This literature was retrieved from a range of data sources including: existing collections (e.g., NZ Police Library and also that held by CJRC and the Institute of Criminology); academic databases of multidisciplinary journals (e.g., criminology, psychology, sociology and gender studies); and the internet (using google and google scholar, and searches of specific websites of government, professional and other organisations who produce criminological research). The review focused on literature from the past ten years, published academic research and government reports and policy documents. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand police, 2008. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 29, 2013 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/resources/2008/nz-police-barriers-to-recruitment/nzp-barriers-to-recruitment.pdf Year: 2008 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/resources/2008/nz-police-barriers-to-recruitment/nzp-barriers-to-recruitment.pdf Shelf Number: 127429 Keywords: Female Police OfficersPolice OfficersPolice Recruitment and SelectionPolicing (New Zealand) |
Author: Baker, David Title: A Snapshot of the Policing Practitioner and Academic Nexus: The Search for Enhanced Public Safety and Security Summary: This article explores how policing practitioners and academics at the 2011 IPES meeting shared collaborative reflections and creative responses in order to improve public safety and security. Debate focused on how best to establish safer communities, but participants conceded that this will always remain a work-in-progress. This article argues that community trust and confidence in police and police having trust in communities are essential ingredients for nurturing police-community partnerships and public safety. A range of issues is discussed: evidence-based policing, research and practice interconnection, citizen surveys and observations, best practice in public order policing, global security, and crime prevention initiatives. Details: Geneva, SWIT: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2013. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper no. 47: Accessed July 22, 2013 at: http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/IPES-DCAF-Working-Paper-Series Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/IPES-DCAF-Working-Paper-Series Shelf Number: 129482 Keywords: CollaborationPolice OfficersPolice-Community RelationsPublic Safety and Security |
Author: Plecas, Darryl Title: RCMP Surrey Ride Along Study: General Findings Summary: Over the past thirty years, the public has increased their demands for police services which has contributed to RCMP detachments taking on additional responsibilities. At the same time, changes in policing technologies and Canadian case law have increased the number of steps and the amount of time it takes police to perform many of their routine activities. For many RCMP detachments, an increase in the number of members and other resources has not kept pace to the changes to the job of policing or the demands for police services. A common claim from police managers and general duty police officers is that by not adequately increasing resources, there are simply not enough members to do the job. As a result, general duty members claim that they have little to no discretionary time during their shift. In effect, there is a perception within detachments that general duty police officers are so busy responding to calls for service or dealing with paperwork that there is little time for proactive policing or other critical activities. The purpose of this study was to quantify the typical shift of a general duty police officer in Surrey, British Columbia, how often general duty members perform specific activities, the amount of time it takes, on average, for members to perform their daily activities, and the proportion of time out of a typical full shift these routine activities consume. This current report is the first in a series of reports that will examine general duty officers. While this report will focus on the methodology of the study, an analysis of the main actions and activities that general duty officers engaged in, and the amount of time it takes, on average, to perform these activities, subsequent reports will focus, for example, on officer maintenance and health, general patrolling and police driving, and investigative activities. The results provided in this report, as well as the reports to follow, will serve on-duty patrol members as well as those in administrative roles by informing them statistically on the time and task demands of general duty officers. Details: Abbotsford, Canada: BC Centre for Social Responsibility; and University of the Fraser Valley, Centre for Public Safety & Criminal Justice Research, 2012. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2013 at: http://www.ufv.ca/media/assets/ccjr/reports-and-publications/Surrey_General_Findings.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 131513 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice Patrol Police Performance Policing (Canada) |
Author: Hogget, James Title: Challenge and Change: Police Identity, Morale and Goodwill in an Age of Austerity Summary: This project was developed by a research team at the University of the West of England (UWE) under the direction of the Principal Investigator (PI) Dr. James Hoggett. The project adopted a mixed methods approach, comprising an on-line survey questionnaire utilising both quantitative closed and qualitative open questions. These questions were used to elicit self-report data from 13,591 police officers from the rank of Police Constable to Chief Inspector from the 43 police forces in England and Wales. This is a response rate of an approximate one-in-ten when judged against figures from Her Majesties Inspectorate of Constabulary (2013) which suggests an eligible population size of 128,199. Statistical tests were used to identify whether there was any geographical clustering on response profiles and whether these profiles differed between police forces or between the ranks of Constable, Sergeant, Inspector and Chief Inspector. It was found that differences in responses between forces and ranks are small, and there is no extensive geographical clustering of responses. The lack of differences between forces and ranks and the absence of any substantive clustering is in-keeping with a consistent set of responses suggesting a common voice across the sample. The self-report data contained in this report cover a number of issues. These issues include officers police/professional identity (how they perceive their roles and duties and whether being a police officer is an integral part of who they are), contextual issues currently impacting on the police profession (i.e. participants' views on the changes and challenges they face in relation to issues such as the government spending cuts and Winsor reviews), issues of police morale, sacrifice and goodwill and finally officers hopes and concerns for the future of the police service. Key findings include; - 79.6% of respondents agree or strongly agree that policing is a vocation rather than a job. - Only 1.6% of respondents agree the current government supports the police and only 1.1% positively report confidence in long-term government plans for policing. 95.8% disagree that cuts will not affect police resilience, 89.8% agree or strongly agree that the police are under resourced while only 6.4% of officers agree or strongly agree that the cuts will not impact on their ability to do their job. A further 80.4% agree or strongly agree that the current proposals, if implemented, will give criminality the upper hand - 84.0% of respondents either agree or strongly agree that some police reform is needed and 87.6% that some change is needed. Additionally 92.5% agree or strongly agree change and reform should be independent of politics while 96.3% are similarly in agreement that change should be made in collaboration with the police. - 83.8% of respondents agree or strongly agree that the Winsor reviews will negatively impact on their ability to do their job while 92.6% disagree or strongly disagree with the statement - The aim of the Winsor recommendations is not to save money but to create a more efficient, productive, motivated and highly skilled workforce. - 80.5% of respondents agree or strongly agree that the support of the general public positively impacts on their job. However, only 8.9% agree or strongly agree that the general public understands what the police do. 81.2% agree that the proposed changes in the Winsor review will negatively impact on the police's relationship with the public and only 1.7% agree or strongly agree that the changes being made to the police service are in the public's best interest - Only 11.9% of the sample respondents agree or strongly agree that they would join the police today if starting afresh. A further 64.9% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they would consider looking for alternative employment and 44.2% agreed or strongly agreed that they would consider voluntary severance. - Only 9.6% of respondents reported that their morale was high while only 1.9% reported that the morale of their colleagues was high. - 96.0% of respondents agree or strongly agree that they make sacrifices to be a police officer while only 18.9% agree or strongly agree that the sacrifices are still worth it. Additionally 96.9% of respondents agree or strongly agree that officer goodwill is essential to the success of the police, while only 11.3% agree or strongly agree that the changes occurring to policing will not erode this goodwill. The report also identifies that the police service is an organisation which creates a strong sense of identity for its members. Being a police officer forms a fundamental part of an individual's self-concept, therefore what happens to the police is of great importance to them and subsequently can have both positive and negative impacts which transfer beyond when officers are on duty. Interestingly the report also identifies that police organisational identity is important as it underpins officers' organisational citizenship behaviour (goodwill). In other words it appears that the behavioural norms and rules that are consonant with police organisational identity are based on officer's willingness to go above and beyond what is contractually expected in order to get the job done. If police organisational identity is threatened or changed it could change the normative rules of police behaviour from that based on goodwill to that based on work to rule. Finally the report suggests that senior management engagement and the development of management procedures to address the uncertainty created by current changes is important so that officers feel both supported and protected by the senior ranks. By supporting and encouraging active engagement from officers in the change process itself senior management may be able to strengthen police organisational identity and thus increase police organisational citizenship behaviour. Details: Bristol, UK: University of the West of England, 2014. 170p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2014 at: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/22392/9/Challenge%20and%20change%20police%20identity%20morale%20and%20goodwill%20in%20an%20age%20of%20austerity.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/22392/9/Challenge%20and%20change%20police%20identity%20morale%20and%20goodwill%20in%20an%20age%20of%20austerity.pdf Shelf Number: 131902 Keywords: Job SatisfactionPolice AdministrationPolice MoralePolice Officers |
Author: National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA, UK) Title: Special Constabulary National Strategy Implementation Advice Summary: The Special Constabulary is a part-time, volunteer body consisting of officers with full police powers. Officers are available mainly in the evening and at weekends except in times of emergency. It has a long and impressive history and has recently benefited significantly from increased interest and investment. Numbers have grown over the past two years with considerable direct support from the Home Office, and this represents a major success for the Home Office decision to provide ring-fenced funding for the Capacity Growth Initiative. At the end of March 2007 the numbers were 14,021, or about 9% of the number of full time equivalent regular officers. The Special Constabulary is far more representative of the community than the Regular Police Service - not only by gender and ethnic background but by socio-economic group. Recruitment is further strengthening diversity, but even at this point 32% are female (compared with 21% for regular officers) and 6% are from ethnic minorities (compared with 3.5% for regular officers). The Special Constabulary is therefore an excellent bridge between the Police Service and the public, representing both the community within the Police Service and the Police Service within the community. Special Constables are highly cost-effective - the total cost per duty hour is estimated at $3.40 in the first two years and less than $3 per hour after that, or about 10% of the hourly cost of a regular officer and a fraction of the cost of a Community Support Officer. The environment in which the Special Constabulary operates is changing rapidly. New entities such as PCSOs, Highways Agency Traffic Officers, Vehicle Inspectorate Staff and even private security firms are taking over roles traditionally carried out by police officers. The Serious and Organised Crime Agency is now in place to deal with national threats to the community. Initiatives such as Neighbourhood Policing are transforming the way services are delivered locally. Against that background, a team of Special Chief Officers was given the task of determining whether there is a role for the Special Constabulary in this new structure and, if so, what that role should be. The team worked with representatives of the Home Office, ACPO, HMIC and the Neighbourhood Policing Project team, but this is essentially a Special Constabulary strategy for the Special Constabulary. The basic premise of the approach used is that the demand for policing services can be analysed like any other 'market' and providers of service can be considered in the same way as 'suppliers' in other markets. The demand for police services seems to be an expanding market with no apparent limit to its growth. However, like any other market it has recognisable segments and niches. While real progress is being made in most segments others are under-resourced and performance levels in these are not good enough to satisfy public demand. The Special Constabulary can be a key part of the solution in tackling these segments and improving both operating performance and public satisfaction with the police. As a business proposition the Special Constabulary is difficult to beat. Not only is it extraordinarily cost-effective, but it is more representative of the community (socio-economic groups and businesses) than any other body delivering policing services. It therefore brings greater involvement and improved communication with members of the public and the business community. Specials can act as a positive force for change - bringing with them an extensive pool of skills, talents, experience and local knowledge and diverse backgrounds - as well as enhancing the level of service provided by the police. The opportunity is described in this Report and Chief Officers are encouraged to use it to see the Special Constabulary in their respective Forces as a strategic resource to improve performance - wherever the need is greatest and the fit with the Special Constabulary's strengths is greatest. Details: London: NPIA, 2010. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2015 at: http://www.online.police.uk/en/docs/Imp_Strategy_updated.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.online.police.uk/en/docs/Imp_Strategy_updated.pdf Shelf Number: 145418 Keywords: Minority GroupsPolice OfficersSpecial ConstablesVolunteers in Policing (U.K.) |
Author: Wider Impact Consultancy Title: Birmingham Based Police Youth Crime Officers: Independent Evaluation Summary: Wider Impact Consultancy has been delighted to accept this commission, the overall aim of the work being to carry out an independent evaluation of the effectiveness of the Birmingham Youth Crime Officers (YCOs) in relation to their prime objective of reducing youth offending by enforcement and intervention measures. Details of key objectives are highlighted at Section . 1.2 Methodology Our research has been undertaken in three distinct phases: 1. Desk research. 2. Field research. 3. Presentation of our final report. Desk research has included accessing and assessing key youth related national, regional, sub-regional and local policies and strategies. Field research has been extensive and has included site visits / meetings / observational studies, one to one meetings, group meetings and site visits / meeting key staff / researching "best practice" in other areas of the Country. 1.3 Key Findings The Youth Offending Service (YOS) was established by the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, which requires each Chief Executive of a local authority to establish a local statutory multi-agency partnership involving (within Birmingham) the National Probation Service - West Midlands, West Midlands Police and Birmingham Primary Care Trusts. Based on national, regional, sub-regional and local policy and strategies, we have no doubts that the Birmingham based YCOs have a key role to play in the achievement of youth related national, regional, sub-regional and local aims and objectives. The Birmingham YCOs are extremely professional in their approach to their work, and are, on the whole, well regarded and appreciated within the multi-agency YOT offices. They provide a valuable and essential 'police presence', which is clearly best delivered by their working within YOT offices and in close partnership with fellow YOT staff members and other key multi-agency members. Their primary role has been focussed on delivering Final Warnings and associated record keeping / carrying out and arranging appropriate interventions and information sharing; including gathering intelligence on behalf of West Midlands Police. Other tasks carried out by the Birmingham YCOs include specific interventions for young people subject to Reprimands and Community Resolutions; officers designing and implementing group and individual intervention programmes; for example in response to new Government guidance on dealing with knife crime. It is apparent however, that the YCO Job Description (Appendix A), which outlines other "key main duties and responsibilities" is not being fully utilised. There is a lack of consistency across the YOS in the implementation and emphasis on such tasks, which requires attention. During our research, it has become apparent that, on the whole, operation police officers have limited knowledge of the roles of the YCOs within the YOTs and how they could enhance their front line roles of preventing and detecting crime. As will be highlighted, increased emphasis of "partnerships", as a result of Programme Paragon, and the subsequent force restructure along with our recommendations, should lead to increased awareness of and engagement with the YCOs. It has been an observation, that on the whole within the Birmingham area, there is excellent and innovative work going on within local YOTs and at operational (LPU) policing levels to deliver common objectives, which include preventing and reducing youth crime and anti-social behaviour, and improving public confidence in the Criminal Justice System. In relation to the role of the YCOs, we have noted a useful analogy, of there being a number of locally based LPU and YCO "beehives", containing valuable resources and sources of information and intelligence; with each working independently, without much input from the YCOs. It is the view of many we have spoken to that the ideal situation would be for the Birmingham based YCOs to be playing a significant role in "connecting" the "beehives" together in terms of youth related police / YOT / multi-agency intelligence coordination, information sharing and innovative partnership working. Details: Birmingham, UK: West Midlands Police and Birmingham Youth Offending Service, 2010. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 16, 2015 at: http://www.widerimpact.com/docs/Birmingham-Police-Youth.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.widerimpact.com/docs/Birmingham-Police-Youth.pdf Shelf Number: 136079 Keywords: Juvenile OffendersPolice EffectivenessPolice OfficersYouth Adult Offenders |
Author: Scheider, Matthew C. Title: The Relationship between Economic Conditions, Policing, and Crime Trends Summary: Many agencies have recently experienced budget constrictions resulting in significant reductions in staffing levels. In every corner of the United States agencies are being forced to lay off sworn and civilian staff members. Many believe that at some point it is likely that these troubling trends will begin to impact public safety - if they haven't already. While a logical presumption, it is difficult to reliably demonstrate a causal relationship between the economy and crime, the number of police and crime, or the effects of police budgets on crime. This report intends to provide insight into the complexities that exist. By understanding how and why many common measures are inadequate, officials will be better prepared when faced with difficult questions regarding resource allocation, crime prevention strategies, and the development of sustainable plans to facilitate the highest levels of public safety. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2015 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p248-pub.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p248-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 136682 Keywords: Crime TrendsPolice OfficersPublic SafetySocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Cathey, Dan Title: New Mexico Department of Public Safety Motor Transportation Division Staffing Study: Final Report Summary: In November 2013 the New Mexico Department of Public Safety (DPS) contracted with the New Mexico Sentencing Commission (NMSC) to complete a staffing study involving the work of the New Mexico Motor Transport Police Department (MTPD). The main effort of the study involves a staffing study of the uniformed patrol officers and the non-patrol civilian transport inspectors of MTPD. The report contains three sections; each section addresses one of the three contracted topics, i.e., staffing study, bypass routes, and fee structure. The first section addresses the staffing study, beginning with a review of relevant literature, a methods section, a description of the sites and the MTPD in the study, an analysis section, a discussion of the results, and a conclusion. The second section describes the task of estimating the number of commercial vehicles bypassing the New Mexico ports of entry. This section begins with a description of past efforts to estimate the number of vehicles, a description of the method used in this study, results, and an analysis and recommendations. Finally, the third section contains a review of the complex issue of the fee structure used by New Mexico compared to other states using the International Fuel Tax Agreement [IFTA] and the International Registration Plan [IRP]) and provides recommendations to improve MTPD's revenue enforcement mission. This may include an estimate of commercial vehicle counts both intra-state and inter-state for the Albuquerque metropolitan area, if the budget and time permits. The ability to prioritize work assignments and an ongoing workload assessment process are two key elements of allocation methods in the field of law enforcement. A well-developed progressive allocation plan must ensure the continued deployment of sufficient personnel to accomplish most critical tasks while also anticipating trends such as political intervention or fiscal constraints which could significantly impact allocation and future staffing capabilities (Butler, 2007) . To complete the staffing study a number of tasks were accomplished. We reviewed previous staffing studies of DPS (Bower, et al 2001; Department of Public Safety 2004, 2006, 2007); we also reviewed a 2013 study of the MTPD by the NM Legislative Finance Committee. We reviewed literature relating to law enforcement staffing study methods specifically dealing with staffing patrol agencies. During our staffing study of the NM State Police in 2012, we contacted various state law enforcement agencies and other law enforcement agencies regarding staffing studies they may have completed. We provide the results of that review in this study, as the findings are pertinent to the MTPD study. In addition to collecting background information, we held several meetings with MTPD staff to discuss the study and focus the research. Based on this information and for a number of reasons, discussed later, we decided to use the established Police Allocation Model (PAM) to calculate staffing levels for the MTPD commissioned officer unit. To calculate staffing for the non-patrol civilian transportation inspectors (TI), we used a modified workload method. This is discussed in more detail later. We used a similar method to determine the staffing levels of the NMSP non-patrol units in our 2012 staffing study. As stated, during the project we met with MTPD administrative staff to discuss the data needed to complete the staffing study and requested these data. This included data by unit being studied (MTPD commissioned and civilian TI), district level data (e.g., miles of road by type of road, road coverage, span of control), officer level data (e.g., calls for services, patrol time, administrative time, medical and vacation use), operations data (e.g., shift length, shift relief factors, and weekly work hours), performance objectives (e.g., administrative time, court time, proactive time, travel time, patrol intervals, commercial vehicle inspection time, credential booth time, and permit issuance time), and policy decisions (e.g., calls for service, minimum staffing levels, patrol intervals, coverage per week, and immediate response availability). The data requests are discussed in more detail later. The analysis section of the report describes the steps we took using PAM to calculate the staffing level of MTPD and the steps we took using the modified workload method to calculate the civilian TI staff level. We also discuss the results and provide a number of recommendations and a conclusion. Details: Albuquerque: New Mexico Sentencing Commission, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 18, 2015 at: http://nmsc.unm.edu/reports/2014/motor-transport-police-division-staffing-study-final-report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://nmsc.unm.edu/reports/2014/motor-transport-police-division-staffing-study-final-report.pdf Shelf Number: 136822 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice PatrolPolice PerformancePolice Resource Allocation |
Author: Police Foundation Title: Police Under Attack: Southern California Law Enforcement Response to the Attacks by Christopher Dorner Summary: For nine days in early February 2013, like millions of Americans, was glued to news reports of a former police and naval officer who was targeting police officers and their families. It was one of the most bizarre and violent acts of vengeance against law enforcement officers this country has experienced. By the time he was finally stopped, Christopher Dorner had murdered four people and wounded several others. His threats and actions put Southern California policing agencies in an unprecedented collective state of alert - one in which both excellent and heroic police work was done and some regrettable decisions were made. This incident represents a sentinel event in American policing - one that serves as a warning of needed changes in parts of our public safety system. For the first time, a trained former police officer was hunting cops and their families, exploiting jurisdictional boundaries and using legally-acquired sophisticated, high-powered weaponry. And he did this in a highly public way that provided a template for others who may seek to terrorize this great country and target the people charged with protecting its citizens. The challenges confronting the principal law enforcement agencies in this incident were immense. It took place over a wide expanse of Southern California where more than 20 million people live, work and play. It encompassed urban, suburban and mountainous geography. It was worked in balmy weather and a freezing blizzard. It required the coordination of thousands of hard-charging police officers, sheriff's deputies, highway patrol officers and state and federal special agents. And they engaged the incident with different policies and practices, from differing organizational cultures and utilizing frequently incompatible communications systems. Bringing new advances to policing is the core of the Police Foundation's mission. Central to our research and work with police agencies is the idea that new learning - and therefore advancements - can be acquired through examining policing-involved critical incidents. This is certainly true of this incident. Reviews of incidents like this are intended to transform "lessons learned" to "lessons applied" in the hopes of enhancing the safety of officers and the public. In emphasizing this, we affix no blame to those who tried desperately to apprehend Dorner and save lives. To do so dishonors their sacrifices and diverts attention from increasing our understanding about protecting society and keeping cops safe. Covering every aspect of this very complicated incident would result in a book-length document. To keep the project manageable, we focused on the most important "lessons learned" that can be generalized to a wide range of circumstances and jurisdictions. Accordingly, we have tried to accomplish three broad goals: 1) Present the facts and our recommendations in an objective manner that respects the professionalism, dedication and heroism of the law enforcement officers involved in this incident, and honors the sacrifice of those whose lives were lost by helping prevent the injury and death of other officers or civilians in the future; 2) Highlight this as a sentinel event in which we identify underlying weaknesses in the regional public safety system, preventable errors and recommendations for avoiding similar tragic outcomes; 3) Use multi-media to provide an immersive experience to a wide breadth of readers that gives them a better understanding of the complicated nature of such events and how dangerous they are to the peace officers trying to stop highly motivated criminals. Our examination of this incident begins with the murders of Monica Quan and Keith Lawrence in Irvine, CA and concludes with the murder of Deputy Jeremiah MacKay, the wounding of Deputy Alex Collins and Dorner's suicide in the mountains of San Bernardino County. In our quest to tease out lessons which we can generalize across the nation, we did not examine every aspect of the incident. Our observations and recommendations are based on our understanding of both the many successes and the relatively few errors that occurred throughout the course of it. They are not intended for the sole use of the involved agencies, as they have each conducted their own internal reviews. Rather, they are aimed at improving American policing's response to similar critical incidents through changes in policy, practice, organizational culture and an increased understanding of the nature of preventable error. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 15, 2016 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Police-Under-Attack.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Police-Under-Attack.pdf Shelf Number: 137579 Keywords: Criminal InvestigationHomicidesLaw Enforcement ResponsePolice OfficersPolice ResponseViolent Crime |
Author: Islam, Asif Title: An Exploration of the Relationship between Police presence, crime, and business in developing countries. Summary: Economic theory predicts that a rise in police presence will reduce criminal activity. However several studies in the literature have found mixed results. This study adds to the literature by exploring the relationship between the size of the police force and crime experienced by firms. Using survey data for about 12,000 firms in a cross-section of 27 developing countries, the study finds that increasing the size of the police force is negatively associated with crime experienced by firms. The results are confirmed using a panel of firms for a subset of countries for which data are available. The study also finds that this negative relationship is stronger under certain macro-economic circumstances. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 7560: Accessed February 17, 2016 at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/02/08/090224b08415a8c9/1_0/Rendered/PDF/An0exploration0developing0countries.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/02/08/090224b08415a8c9/1_0/Rendered/PDF/An0exploration0developing0countries.pdf Shelf Number: 137869 Keywords: Crimes Against Businesses Developing Countries Economic Development Economics and Crime Police Officers |
Author: London Assembly. Police and Crime Committee Title: The Diversity of the Met's Frontline Summary: The Met faces a significant challenge in diversifying its frontline. Before it began recruiting last year, only 11 per cent of its officers were from a Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) background, compared with approximately 40 per cent of the population in London. Women make up a quarter of the Met's frontline, but at senior levels they are less well represented: only 18 per cent of officers ranked Inspector or above in the Met are women. Arguably, the Met's biggest concern is its representation of BAME women, where only 3 per cent of its frontline are BAME women. Faced with the challenge of diversifying its workforce, the Met has targeted its current recruitment campaign around increasing numbers of BAME and women officers. It has done away with some of the barriers that might be preventing it from recruiting a more diverse workforce, including restricting future applications to London residents only. The early signs from the Met's recruitment campaign are encouraging. However, there is still some way to go if it is to meet the Commissioner's ambition that 40 per cent of new recruits should be from a minority background. With this in mind, the majority of the Committee support the Commissioner's view that more radical solutions may be necessary unless a significant boost in the numbers of BAME officers in the Met is achieved over the next two years. Crucial to the Met's efforts to diversify its workforce is how it supports and develops its BAME and women officers. This is a challenge for all officers in the Met, but particularly Borough Commanders and line managers on borough teams. They, in many ways, hold the key to the progression of BAME and women recruits, but have been reluctant to embrace diversity initiatives in the past. Training officers to understand the importance of diversity is vital if the Met is to successfully integrate new BAME and women officers. This process should involve ensuring all BAME and women officers have access to strong mentoring and support networks. There are already a number of good initiatives being run across the organisation. The Met must build on the success of these and support those officers who often give up their time to run them. The Met must not lose sight of the impact changes to its working arrangements have had on the work-life balance of officers. Post-Olympics, the Met introduced longer shifts - including more night shifts - and reduced flexible working. At the same time, the force has seen a gradual increase of women officers leaving the force in recent years, citing work-life balance and disengagement with the organisation as the cause. While the Met has a positive approach to flexible working, it must not be afraid to innovate and learn from other organisations about how it can use flexible working most effectively. The lack of diversity on some specialist teams in the Met is concerning. Specialist units offer excellent opportunities for career progression. The Met must find ways to get more BAME and women officers into these units. For women, the male-dominated culture of some specialist teams can be a barrier to joining. The recent case of PC Carol Howard will not help the Met rectify this situation. It is right the Met is reviewing its policies in light of PC Howard's case, but it must go further by calling out discrimination and disciplining its perpetrators. The Met does not have enough BAME and women officers in senior positions. Recent internal promotion processes show this is starting to change but there are still challenges for the Met to overcome if it is to diversify its senior ranks. Negative perceptions about the lack of work-life balance of senior women officers can put some women officers off from applying for higher positions. The Met must work with its senior women officers to better articulate how they manage their work commitments. Training managers to understand how unconscious bias can prevent more BAME and women officers being promoted will also help. Ultimately, the diversity of an organisation is not just a measure of how it looks but also how it behaves. Our primary focus has been on what the Met is doing to support the recruitment, retention and progression of BAME and women officers, given this is where the Met and the Mayor's focus lies. However, we recognise the Met must have in place processes to support officers from other protected groups. The Committee discussed some of the issues pertinent to disabled and LGBT police officers. Again, the Committee is encouraged by the steps the Met is taking to mainstream diversity through the organisation. Yet, for this to succeed, it must be supported by strong leadership and a robust accountability mechanism to ensure momentum is sustained. Details: London: Greater London Authority, 2014. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 25, 2016 at: http://www.london.gov.uk/LLDC/documents/s42234/Appendix%201%20-%20The%20Diversity%20of%20the%20Mets%20frontline.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.london.gov.uk/LLDC/documents/s42234/Appendix%201%20-%20The%20Diversity%20of%20the%20Mets%20frontline.pdf Shelf Number: 137970 Keywords: Female Police OfficersMinority GroupsMinority Police OfficersPolice OfficersPolice Recruitment and Selection |
Author: Kuhns, Joseph B. Title: Health, Safety, and Wellness Program Case Studies in Law Enforcement Summary: Over the past several years, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services and the Bureau of Justice Assistance have worked together, in partnership with the Major Cities Chiefs Association, to support the Officer Safety and Wellness (OSW) Group. Participants in the OSW Group include approximately 35 representatives from police associations and unions, Federal Government agencies, universities, and local law enforcement agencies. The group is further supplemented at each meeting with subject matter experts and guest presenters. The primary mission of the OSW Group is to improve officer safety and wellness in the United States by convening a forum for thoughtful, proactive discussion and debate around relevant programs and current policies within law enforcement. Information and insight developed and shared will help enhance other programs, current policies, and future initiatives related to officer safety and wellness. In the group's first two meetings (July and September 2011), participants identified 16 priority areas that were intended to guide their future efforts. Two of those priority areas focused on improving physical and psychological health among law enforcement officers. This report serves as one important step in that ongoing process. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p332-pub.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p332-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139061 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice Physical FitnessPolice SafetyPolice Stress |
Author: Reaves, Brian A. Title: State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies, 2013 Summary: Presents findings on the basic training programs of more than 600 state and local law enforcement training academies, including data on program content, recruits, and instructors. Program content is described in terms of teaching methods, major subject areas, average hours of instruction, and curriculum development methods. It describes recruits in terms of demographics, completion rates, and reasons for failure. Employment data by academy type, size, and instructor training requirements are also included. Data are from the 2013 Census of Law Enforcement Training Academies (CLETA), which collected data from all state and local academies that provided basic law enforcement training from 2011 to 2013. Academies that provided only in-service, corrections and detention, or other specialized training were excluded. Highlights: On average, 45,000 recruits entered basic law enforcement training programs each year from 2011 to 2013. From 2011 to 2013, 86% of the recruits who started a basic training program completed it successfully. About 1 in 7 recruits entering basic training programs were female. Nearly 1 in 3 recruits were members of a racial or ethnic minority. From 2011 to 2013, academies at 2-year colleges graduated the most recruits (10,000 per year), followed by municipal police (7,000) academies. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2016 at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/slleta13.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/slleta13.pdf Shelf Number: 139959 Keywords: Police Departments Police Education Police OfficersPolice Recruitment and Training Police Training |
Author: James, Nathan Title: Body Armor for Law Enforcement Officers: In Brief Summary: Firearms are one of the leading causes of deaths for law enforcement officers feloniously killed in the line of duty. Since FY1999, Congress has provided funding to state and local law enforcement agencies to help them purchase armor vests for their officers. The Matching Grant Program for Law Enforcement Armor Vests (hereinafter, “BPV program”) provides grants to state, local, and tribal governments to purchase armor vests for use by law enforcement officers and court officers. The BPV program was first authorized by the Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-181). It has been subsequently reauthorized four times. The most recent reauthorization expired in FY2012. Between FY1999 and FY2012, annual appropriations for the program generally ranged been between $25 million and $30 million. However, over the past four fiscal years, annual appropriations for the program were less than $23 million. Armor vests can only save lives when they are actually worn. Data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics indicate that an increasing percentage of police departments have instituted “mandatory wear” policies. Several factors can affect whether a law enforcement officer will wear an armor vest. Safety concerns are the most significant, followed by whether the officer’s department has a mandatory wear policy. Comfort and fit are also a factor. While armor vests can only save lives when they are worn, there is also a limit on how long they can be worn and still be effective. No definitive data exist on how long an armor vest will last before it needs to be replaced. Many manufacturers offer a five-year warranty on their vests, but this is not necessarily indicative of their useful lifespan. The age of an armor vest alone does not cause its ballistic resistance to deteriorate. Vest care and maintenance have been shown to have a greater impact than age. Similarly, no definitive data exist on the number of law enforcement officers whose lives have been saved by vests paid for, in part, with funds from the BPV program. A frequently cited statistic is that armor vests have saved the lives of more than 3,000 law enforcement officers over the past 30 years, but it is not known how many of those vests were purchased in part with funds from the BPV program. While there is no such thing as a totally bulletproof vest, research has shown that armor vests do save lives. The risk of dying from a gunshot wound to the torso is 3.4 times higher for law enforcement officers who do not wear armor vests. Should Congress consider legislation to reauthorize the BPV program, policy makers may consider several issues, including (1) what role the federal government should play, if any, in providing armor vests for state and local law enforcement, (2) whether Congress should invest in developing new technology for armor vests, and (3) whether Congress should require law enforcement agencies to provide training on the care and maintenance of body armor as a condition of receiving funding under the BPV program. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2016. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: R43544: Accessed November 12, 2016 at: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43544.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43544.pdf Shelf Number: 146975 Keywords: Body ArmorPolice EquipmentPolice OfficersPolice Protection |
Author: Lauderdale, Michael L. Title: Police Force Strength Analysis and Assessment Summary: Austin is one of the nation’s safest large cities, but rapid growth strains public safety resources. New metro resident estimates range from 110–158 net arrivals daily. That’s as many as sixty new families moving here each day that need a safe place to live and work. While the violent crime rate is lower than cities of comparable size, property crime is 8 percent higher and theft is 28 percent higher. Traditional police staffing formulas based on a population ratio are outdated. Police force strength should be based on community engagement time. That's the time patrol officers have for community policing when not responding to calls for service. During the past five years, the Austin Police Department's total community engagement (or uncommitted) time for patrol officers citywide declined from 33 to 19 percent. Studies of best practices show community engagement time goals ranging from 25–50 percent. Hiring eighty-two additional officers per year between FY 2016–2020 will make it possible for the Austin Police Department to reach a goal of 30 percent community engagement time over five years. Details: Austin, TX: Greater Austin Crime Commission, 2015. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 19, 2016 at: http://www.austincrime.org/wp-content/uploads/Force_Strength_0815_REV1.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.austincrime.org/wp-content/uploads/Force_Strength_0815_REV1.pdf Shelf Number: 147753 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice OfficersPolice PatrolPolice Staffing |
Author: Copple, James E. Title: Law Enforcement Recruitment in the 21st Century: Forum Proceedings Summary: The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing identified recruitment, training, and retention as priorities for the future of law enforcement. Because of their importance to advancing community and police relations, the task force included them in the first pillar - Trust and Legitimacy - of their final report. And in a follow-up meeting with task force members, the President asked the COPS Office to continue to explore new hiring and policies and practices. In response, the COPS Office hosted the Law Enforcement Recruitment in the 21st Century forum with Strategic Applications International. This report covers the discussions of the forum's participants, drawn from law enforcement, civil rights, and other stakeholder groups. The forum's goals were to identify ways to improve recruitment programs, practices, and strategies with a special emphasis on diversity; to better understand how the image of law enforcement impacts recruiting efforts; and to provide action steps for developing and enhancing recruitment strategies. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2017. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2017 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0830-pub.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0830-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 140837 Keywords: DiversityEqual Employment OpportunitiesMinorities in PolicingPolice AgenciesPolice Hiring PracticesPolice OfficersPolice Policies and PracticesPolice Recruitment and Selection |
Author: Calbonero, Jennifer Title: Education Requirements for Law Enforcement Officers in California Summary: Today, in an increasingly competitive job market, a growing number of employers require applicants to possess a bachelor's degree as a minimum education standard of employment eligibility. This suggests that an individual with a higher education background is better equipped with the skills, training and competency above other applicants to be successful in his or her profession. Law enforcement, however, has remained one of the career professions that does not require any higher education requirement for employment eligibility. Yet there is reason to think greater education requirements may benefit in the professionalization of law enforcement, and may help officers in their line of duty. Currently no state in the U.S. has established that law enforcement officers should have higher education degree as a minimum requirement for enrollment. In California, the minimum education requirement for law enforcement officers is a high school diploma or GED. However, because agencies have the ability to set their own hiring standards, a small percentage of law enforcement agencies have actually required more stringent education backgrounds in higher education, from completing some college, to an associate's degree, to even a bachelor's degree. his thesis was aimed at furthering the discussion on whether increasing the hiring education standards for law enforcement agencies within California would have a notable impact. In this study, 42 law enforcement officers from across the state were surveyed about their agency's requirements, and their thoughts on the feasibility, costs, and benefits of increasing the minimum education standards. The results of this survey were in line with several of the reports found in the literature. They show that officers perceive several benefits to the having a higher education background that can improve their performance on the job. However, it is unclear whether there is political feasibility to make such a significant change happen across all agencies in California. Law enforcement agencies and associations, such as the ones represented in my survey, are more likely to be hesitant or reluctant to change. These findings can help guide further research as to how to adequately define and measure "better policing," and whether education has an impact on that. Finally, I would recommend that California find better opportunities to collect data among law enforcement agencies, which can be anything from mandatory surveying to greater oversight at a head agency. Details: Sacramento, CA: California State University, Sacramento, 2016. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 6, 2017 at: http://www.csus.edu/ppa/thesis-project/bank/2016/calbonero.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.csus.edu/ppa/thesis-project/bank/2016/calbonero.pdf Shelf Number: 145938 Keywords: Police EducationPolice OfficersPolice Training |
Author: Labaky, Elie Title: Women in Policing: Their Disillusion Phase at Work Summary: Studies on the career paths of municipal police officers have revealed an emergence of four distinct phases which officers pass through during their professional careers, phases where the perception of their profession changes. These phases are more constant at the patrol officer level where most officers begin and finish their career. Among these four phases is the disillusion phase (between 6 and 13 years), where the expectations at work are not met. The perception of the police administration, the public and the criminal justice system, all become negative and the hope for promotions diminish. These studies were mainly conducted in a period where there were very few or no women in policing. Through a feminist perspective and a social constructionist theoretical framework, this thesis makes the hypothesis that because women have different expectations at work, a varying work/life balance and a contrasting aspiration to attain positions of power, women will live this second phase differently. To explore this hypothesis, data was collected from ten semi-structured interviews with female patrol officers having worked between 6 and 13 years in municipal police departments. A qualitative data analysis effectively shows significant differences for the reasons underlying our hypotheses. Even if they have some frustrations about certain aspects of their work, we did not see any disillusionment from any women in this phase. Details: Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2013. 171p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 12, 2017 at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1504642877/abstract/9CFEB297AE854116PQ/1?accountid=13626 Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1504642877/abstract/9CFEB297AE854116PQ/1?accountid=13626 Shelf Number: 146058 Keywords: Female Police Officers Occupational Stress Police Job Satisfaction Police OfficersPolicewomen |
Author: Waterman-Smith, Erika J. Title: Perceptions of Justice and Motivations for Becoming a Police Officer: Differences Across Recruits and Law Enforcement Officers Summary: This study examined the motivations for choosing law enforcement as a career and perceptions of different prevalent criminal justice issues among police recruits and police officers. Additionally, the motivations and perceptions were compared across recruits and officers to see if they changed over time. The purpose of this study was to see if the police subculture and socialization had an impact on their motivations and perceptions. A survey method was administered on a sample of both recruits and officers from several Southeastern police departments. Bivariate analyses indicated that there were several significant differences across recruits and police officers in their motivations to pursue law enforcement and their perceptions of various criminal justice issues and policies. Details: Kennesaw State University, 2017. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 13, 2017 at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=mscj_etd Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=mscj_etd Shelf Number: 146079 Keywords: Police Careers Police OfficersPolice Recruits |
Author: Tulauan, Mayra Madria Title: Perceived effectiveness of the recruitment and selection process for uniformed personnel of the Philippine National Police Summary: This study was undertaken to: examine the relationship between the perceived effectiveness of the Philippine National Police (PNP) Recruitment and Selection Process (RSP) for Uniformed Personnel (UP) and the individual performance of police officers as perceived by the PNP personnel; describe the level of effectiveness of the PNP RSP for UP in terms of its implementation; identify the factors affecting its effective implementation; explore the important factors to produce responsible, competent and effective police officers as perceived by the PNP personnel; and to examine if there is significant difference between the individual police performance as perceived by the PNP personnel and as perceived by the public. A model of evaluation on effectiveness of the PNP RSP for UP has been developed following an examination of current literature and integrating job experience and observations of the researcher and her colleagues. This model was tested via a survey of 625 PNP personnel and 625 residents of Metro Manila, Philippines, drawn through stratified random sampling. Quantitative-descriptive research approach was used. The cross sectional survey method involved a personally distributed self-completion questionnaires designed to measure the responses of the PNP personnel and the public in the sample. This questionnaire captured information reflecting the perceptions of PNP personnel assigned in the National Headquarters (NHQ) and National Capital Regional Police Office (NCRPO) about the level of effectiveness of the PNP RSP for UP in terms of its implementation, the factors affecting its effective implementation as well as the important factors to produce responsible, competent and effective police officers and the individual performance of police officers. Likewise, it captured the perceptions of the public in Metro Manila on the individual performance of the police officers assigned in NHQ and NCRPO. Data analysis was made using descriptive statistics, T-test and Pearson correlations aided by SPSS to determine the relationships between the variables. The findings of this study suggest that the individual performance of the police officers as perceived by the PNP personnel is significantly influenced by the effectiveness of the implementation of the PNP RSP for UP. Further, the PNP RSP for UP is generally implemented effectively but there are factors affecting its effective implementation. There are four facilitating factors as perceived by the PNP personnel, which promote the effective implementation of the PNP RSP for UP, which are: Effective PNP leadership or supervision; Effective external oversight; Establishment of effective grievance committee on recruitment and selection process for uniformed personnel and penalty system for violators; and Honesty, competency and commitment of the personnel implementing the RSP for UP. Details: Beppu, Oita, Japan: Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, 2014. 185p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 14, 2017 at: http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/bitstream/10367/6079/1/51212601.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Philippines URL: http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/bitstream/10367/6079/1/51212601.pdf Shelf Number: 146173 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice Recruitment and Selection |
Author: Racovita, Mihaela Title: Women in State Security Provision in Nepal: Meaningful Participation? Summary: Measures in Nepal have helped the country increase the number and scope of inclusion of women in its security sector; but female security providers continue to face challenges. Women in the police, army and armed police force tackle crime and insecurity in its various forms, but also serve as role models in their communities. A new analysis from the Small Arms Survey finds, however, that barriers to female participation remain, ranging from continuing demands in the home to persistent gender discrimination inside institutions and within society more broadly. More can be done by the institutions in question to become more gender-responsive and ensure that women's participation in these structures is, indeed, meaningful. The Briefing Paper Women in State Security Provision in Nepal: Meaningful Participation? assesses the progress of the Nepali government in including women in security provision, looks at the evolution of female participation in the formal security sector, and explores the motivations and deterrents involved for women considering joining. Details: Geneva, SWIT: Small Arms Survey, 2018. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing paper: Accessed March 26, 2018 at: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Nepal-Women-State-Security.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Nepal URL: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Nepal-Women-State-Security.pdf Shelf Number: 149565 Keywords: Female Officers Police OfficersSecurity Forces |
Author: Kenny, Daryl Evan Title: A Force for Good: Exploring the future of non-crime policing Summary: Crime is promoted by the government as being the primary task of the police, yet such a focus marginalizes the extraordinary prominence and relevance of many non-crime policing activities. This research highlights the breadth and complexity of those duties, filling a gap in the literature by exploring the possible future of non-crime policing. The research draws on extensive literary sources and utilizes quantitative data covering eight years of public calls made to the Staffordshire Police. The research includes qualitative data obtained from thirteen semi-structured interviews with individuals who have extensive policing experience. The research found that public demand for policing declined over the reviewed period, with staffing levels in Staffordshire dropping and government funding falling drastically. There were marked increases in 'concern for safety' incidents, 'suicides' and cases involving individuals suffering mental health crises. The research explored policing from a historical perspective drawing on European and British history, ancient and modern, in order to help shine a light on prospective future developments. The research suggested that policing is torn between those who feel that non-crime matters are important and those who think that policing should be largely crime-focused. Concerns were raised about the on going politicization of policing, the extended police hierarchy and the impact of neo-liberalism on non-crime demand. Non-crime policing appears to be moving incrementally towards pluralization and privatisation, though it could also help initiate a more unified, internationalized policing service built around human rights. All futures remain open and it is up to all of us to decide what that future will ultimately be. Details: Portsmouth, UK: University of Portsmouth, 2016. 183p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 3, 2018 at: https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/7009801/DCrimJ_Thesis_Daryl_Kenny_265705._FINALv1.2..pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/7009801/DCrimJ_Thesis_Daryl_Kenny_265705._FINALv1.2..pdf Shelf Number: 149665 Keywords: Police OfficersPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: Dodsworth, Jane Title: An examination of the perspectives and experiences of police officers working with children and young people at risk of, or involved in, child sexual exploitation Summary: In April 2014 Norfolk and Suffolk Constabulary commissioned The Centre for Research on Children and Families (CRCF) in the School of Social Work at the University of East Anglia to undertake a research study to explore the perspectives and experiences of police officers working in Norfolk with young people involved in, or at risk of, involvement in sexual exploitation (CSE). The objective was to increase understanding of what works well, what works less well and to identify any gaps in policy, procedure or practice, in order to inform service provision Key Findings: What Works Well - Four areas stood out as particular strengths in police officers' work with children and young people involved in CSE. These included officers': - Sense of commitment to and passion for CSE work - Awareness of the vulnerability of young people involved in CSE, including awareness of the links between victimisation and offending - Recognition of three categories of young people involved in internet abuse; 'naive' victims 'wise' victims and 'naive' offenders. - Understanding that prevention and proactive early intervention is key Conclusion Although this study has shown that there are identifiable difficulties, pressures and tensions for police officers in Norfolk working in this complex area, what is clearly evident is the high level of commitment to safeguarding, listening to and understanding children and young people at risk of child sexual exploitation. Details: Norwich, UK: Centre for Research on Children and Families University of East Anglia, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: http://www.uea.ac.uk/documents/3437903/4264977/Police+Perspectives+Research+Nov+14.pdf/2f6eafec-9093-44bb-938c-c46c3d88cf32 Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.uea.ac.uk/documents/3437903/4264977/Police+Perspectives+Research+Nov+14.pdf/2f6eafec-9093-44bb-938c-c46c3d88cf32 Shelf Number: 149666 Keywords: At-Risk YouthChild ProstitutionChild ProtectionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationOnline victimizationPolice Officers |
Author: Breul, Nick Title: Making It Safer: A Study of Law Enforcement Fatalities Between 2010-2016 Summary: In 2015, the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund (NLEOMF) was supported by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), U.S. Department of Justice to study line-of-duty deaths and provide immediate and life-saving information and to improve officer safety in the future. Through that continuing agreement, the NLEOMF research team has completed additional analysis and study of 2015 and 2016 line-of-duty deaths and added the new data to the analysis completed in the "Deadly Calls and Fatal Encounters" report issued in July 2016. Although the scope of the original project was generally defined as line-of-duty deaths with an emphasis on deaths where the use of seatbelts or body armor may have played a factor, the designer of this project intentionally built-in flexibility to allow for the identification of specific trends that could possibly affect officer safety. This pre-planning and built-in report flexibility became crucial in 2016 when the United States experienced one of the worst years in our nation's history for ambush attacks on police officers. The brutal attacks peaked during a 10-day period in July when five Dallas, Texas, police officers and three Baton Rouge, Louisiana, officers were ambushed and killed. Per NLEOMF data, 2016 experienced a 53-percent increase in firearms-related fatalities over the previous year. NLEOMF researchers continually adjusted and refined their research to meet these changing conditions to provide accurate and timely officer safety information to the field. Additionally, through this report, researchers identified other emerging patterns that required further research and analysis, including the rash of ambush attacks on police officers while seated in their patrol vehicles and a disconcerting trend of preventable Police-on-Police deaths that occurred during training. When these emerging trends were identified and confirmed through further analysis, NLEOMF staff immediately developed easy-to-understand and actionable info-graphs which were distributed to law enforcement agencies nationwide. Throughout the past year, numerous infographics on timely and important topics, such as response to domestic violence attacks, rifle attacks on police, ambush attacks and police assassinations, were distributed throughout NLEOMF's law enforcement and stakeholder network and social media outlets to dispense this life-saving information as quickly as possible. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2017. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0858-pub.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0858-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 149757 Keywords: Assault on PolicePolice FatalitiesPolice Officers |
Author: Hannon, Catherine Title: Managing a risky business: developing the professional practice of police and probation officers in the supervision of high risk offenders Summary: Discussions about risk are central to the formulation of criminal justice and penal policies. They shape ways of perceiving and responding to what is deemed risky behavior. This thesis builds upon research about the application and effects of "the new penology", with its emphasis on "actuarialism", which promotes quantitative methods used in accountancy as an analytical method for risk assessment. This thesis goes beyond policy texts and theories providing original contribution that explores how the police and the probation services actually interpret and implement policy and manage mutual institutional pressures and biases. It does so by using interviews and debriefing process with police and probation practitioners, as well as by drawing upon the author's own professional experience. This thesis identifies some of the effects of implementing actuarial practices within police and probation working, looking at convergent and divergent views. It aims at a clearer understanding of the partnership working between police and probation services arising from different perspectives and response to risk. The findings support the notion that actuarial practices permeate this arena of public protection; influencing intra and inter-service partnerships and the implementation of MAPPA aims. Actuarial analysis accentuates a tendency to prioritise police crime control policies but not without resistance from probation officers. A number of MAPPA deficiencies including ineffective information sharing processes exist between critical partners impeding partnership working. Disagreements formed from differences in organisational aims of rehabilitation and crime control, accentuated by the actuarial risk assessment methodology. Repeated working together of personnel and development of collaborative initiatives helped alleviate misunderstandings. Conflict between the two services was most acute in relation to the transfer process, breach of licence conditions and recall to custody of offenders. Gaps in knowledge and experience created significant issues particularly for those new to risk management and the responsibilities associated to this arena of public protection work. Activities to aid communal development were identified through organisational learning founded in communities of practice and isomorphic learning encouraging the growth of networks of learning. Crisis causation models and the systemic lessons learned knowledge model (Syllk) provided diverse perspectives to assess people, learning, culture, social values, technology, process and infrastructure. Improvements in any combination of these factors supported the development of trust and learning between agencies. The Transforming Rehabilitation agenda transformed the public protection world and amplified the negative aspects of the findings in this thesis. Anxieties about data, information sharing and the effectiveness of the framework to transfer cases between agencies are a contemporary problem for the National Probation Service and Community Rehabilitation Companies to tackle. Failure to do so will place the public at greater risk. Details: London: London Metropolitan University, 2016. 232p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 19, 2018 at: http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1137/ Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1137/ Shelf Number: 149861 Keywords: Community Supervision High Risk OffendersOffender SupervisionPolice OfficersProbation Officers |
Author: Karp, Aaron Title: Estimating Global law Enforcement Firearms Numbers Summary: Available sources indicate that as of 2017 there was a global total of at least 22.7 million known or estimated law enforcement firearms, equal to roughly 2.2 per cent of all firearms identified by the Small Arms Survey around the world. Worldwide, 4.8 million law enforcement firearms have been reported to the Small Arms Survey or documented from other sources. An additional 17.9 million or so firearms owned by law enforcement agencies can be estimated with reasonable confidence. The global estimate is slightly lower than the previous Small Arms Survey global estimate for 2006, the result of methodological changes and a decision not to estimate the holdings for many specialized or smaller law enforcement agencies. There are several reasons to assume that the total of 22.7 million law enforcement firearms given in this Briefing Paper is an underestimate. The state of research on law enforcement armament makes it hard to say whether global law enforcement weapons inventories are increasing or decreasing. But the types of firearms used by law enforcement agencies appear to be changing more rapidly than those of military services, also becoming more alike to military armament. Key findings As of the end of 2017 there was a global total of at least 22.7 million known or estimated law enforcement firearms. Law enforcement firearms made up roughly 2.2 per cent of all firearms identified by the Small Arms Survey. Official reports account for 4.8 million law enforcement firearms, or 21 per cent of the estimated law enforcement total. The average ratio for the 28 countries reporting official data is 1.7 firearms per sworn law enforcement officer. Details: Geneva: Small Arms Survey, 2018. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing Paper: Accessed June 19, 2018 at: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Law-Enforcement-Firearms-Numbers.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Law-Enforcement-Firearms-Numbers.pdf Shelf Number: 150584 Keywords: Firearms Gun Ownership Law Enforcement Officers Police Officers |
Author: Owen, Oliver Title: The Nigeria police force: an institutional ethnography Summary: This thesis is an institutional ethnography of the Nigeria Police Force. It concentrates on evidence from 18 months of fieldwork in one particular police station, in the pseudonymised town of Dutsin Bature in central Nigeria, and draws comparative evidence from examples and locations elsewhere in Nigeria. The fieldwork evidence is also supported by analyses of public discourse, literature reviews, some formal interviews and historical research. The thesis aims to fill a gap in empirical scholarship by looking at policing in Nigeria primarily from the level of everyday practice, and deriving understandings of the ways the overall system works, rather than by taking normative structural approaches and basing suppositions of actual behaviour upon these. It also aims to document emic perspectives on policing in Nigeria, in contrast to most existing scholarship and public discourse which takes an external perspective, from which the voices and worldviews of police themselves are absent. The thesis situates this ethnography within three theoretical terrains. First, developing understandings of policing and public security in Africa, which have often neglected in-depth studies of formal police forces. Secondly, enlarging the ethnographic study of formal institutions in African states, to develop a closer understanding of what state systems are and how they function, beyond the overtly dysfunctionalist perspectives which have dominated recent scholarship. Thirdly, informing ongoing debates over state and society in Africa, problematising understandings which see these as separate entities instead of mutually constitutive, and drawing attention to the ways in which the two interpenetrate and together mould the public sphere. The thesis begins with a historical overview of the trajectory of formal policing in Nigeria, then examines public understandings and representations of policing, before moving inside the institutional boundaries, considering in turn the human composition of the police, training and character formation, the way police officers do their work in Dutsin Bature, Nigerian police officers' preoccupation with risk and the systemic effects of their efforts to mitigate it, and finally officers subjective perspectives on their work, their lived realities, and on Nigeria in an era of transition. These build together to suggest some conclusions pertinent to the theoretical perspectives. Details: Oxford, UK: St. Cross College, Oxford University, 2012. 380p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 23, 2018 at: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:e824783a-8ba0-4d96-8519-0ee2b2090fc8/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Owen_thesis.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis Year: 2012 Country: Nigeria URL: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:e824783a-8ba0-4d96-8519-0ee2b2090fc8/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Owen_thesis.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis Shelf Number: 153066 Keywords: Police Administration Police OfficersPolicing |
Author: Creedon, Mick Title: Operation Herne: Report 1: Use of Covert Identities Summary: Executive Summary History The Special Demonstration Squad (SDS) was an undercover unit formed by the Metropolitan Police's Special Branch. It operated between 1968 and 2008, during which time it infiltrated and reported on groups concerned in violent protest. Operation Herne -- Operation Herne (formerly Soisson) was formed in October 2011 in response to allegations made by the Guardian newspaper about alleged misconduct and criminality engaged in by members of the SDS. Similar matters had been previously aired as early as 2002 in a BBC documentary. Operation Riverwood -- On 4th February 2013 the Metropolitan Police received a public complaint from the family of Rod Richardson, a young boy who had died in the 1970s. It is alleged that an undercover officer working for the National Public Order Intelligence Unit (NPOIU) had used this child's details as his covert identity. This matter was referred to the IPCC. The matter was returned to the force and is currently subject of a 'local investigation'. National Public Order Intelligence Unit The NPOIU was formed within the MPS in 1999 to gather and coordinate intelligence. In 2006 the governance responsibility for NPOIU was moved to the Association of Chief Police Officers, after a decision was taken that the forces where the majority of activity was taking place should be responsible for authorising future deployments. In January 2011 the NPOIU was subsumed within other units under the National Domestic Extremism Units within the MPS. In January 1995 large numbers of police from London, Kent and Hampshire were drafted to the West Sussex harbour of Shoreham in response to protests surrounding the export of live animals to Europe. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and another animal extremist group named 'Justice Department' had a strong base in the community there. This led to a number of protests and in October 1995 there was a further demonstration in Brightlingsea, Essex. This resulted in a record number of police being deployed to prevent widespread public disorder. Ad-hoc protest groups emerged and the need for first hand high quality intelligence was evident. This led to undercover operatives being required to infiltrate these animal extremist organisations. The purpose of the NPOIU was: 1 To provide the police service with the ability to develop a national threat assessment and profile for domestic extremism. 2 Support the police service to reduce crime and disorder from domestic extremism. 3 Support a proportionate police response to protest activity. 4 Help the police service manage concerns of communities and businesses to minimise conflict and disorder. Control of the NPOIU moved to ACPO in 2006 under the direction of the ACPO National Co-ordinator for Domestic Extremism, Assistant Chief Constable Anton Setchell. He was replaced by Detective Chief Superintendent Adrian Tudway in 2010. The NPOIU worked with the National Extremism Tactical Co-ordination Unit (NETCU) and the National Domestic Extremism Team (NDET). The NPOIU now exists as part of the National Domestic Extremism Unit (NDEU) under the Metropolitan Police Service Specialist Operations and is run by Detective Chief Superintendent Chris Greaney. Details: Ashbourne, UK: Derbyshire Constabulary, 2013. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 16, 2019 at: https://www.met.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/foi-media/metropolitan-police/priorities_and_how_we_are_doing/corporate/operation-herne---report-1---use-of-covert-identities Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2013/jul/uk-creedon-report-on-use-of-dead-childrens-names-by-undercover-unit.pdf Shelf Number: 154217 Keywords: Citizen ComplaintsCovert IdentitiesCovert OperationsNational Public Order Intelligence UnitOperation HerneOperation RiverwoodPolice MisconductPolice OfficersPublic DisorderSpecial Demonstration SquadUndercover Police |